diff --git a/src/api/rehydrate.ts b/src/api/rehydrate.ts
index fd8e706..fa7f7ed 100644
--- a/src/api/rehydrate.ts
+++ b/src/api/rehydrate.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ export const REHYDRATE_API = 'api/rehydrate';
 export interface RehydrateApiPayload {
   queries: Record<string, unknown>;
   mutations: Record<string, unknown>;
+  // RTKQ's invalidation slice reads `provided.tags`/`provided.keys` during
+  // rehydration (it does `Object.entries(provided.tags ?? {})`), so `provided`
+  // must be an object — a bare `{ queries, mutations }` makes it crash on
+  // `provided.tags` of undefined. Always present; empty objects are valid.
+  provided: { tags: Record<string, unknown>; keys: Record<string, unknown> };
 }
 
 export const rehydrateApi = createAction<RehydrateApiPayload>(REHYDRATE_API);
diff --git a/src/store/rtkqPersist.ts b/src/store/rtkqPersist.ts
index fcd451b..a88bc0e 100644
--- a/src/store/rtkqPersist.ts
+++ b/src/store/rtkqPersist.ts
@@ -22,13 +22,17 @@ type QueryEntry = ApiState['queries'][string];
  * carry no usable data and subscriptions are rebuilt by components on mount.
  * Mutation results are never restored.
  */
+const EMPTY_PROVIDED = { tags: {}, keys: {} };
+
 function snapshot(apiState: ApiState): RehydrateApiPayload {
   const queries: Record<string, unknown> = {};
   for (const [key, entry] of Object.entries(apiState.queries)) {
     const q = entry as QueryEntry | undefined;
     if (q && q.status === 'fulfilled') queries[key] = q;
   }
-  return { queries, mutations: {} };
+  // Carry `provided` along so RTKQ can re-register invalidation tags for the
+  // restored entries; it is also required structurally (see RehydrateApiPayload).
+  return { queries, mutations: {}, provided: apiState.provided ?? EMPTY_PROVIDED };
 }
 
 function load(): RehydrateApiPayload | null {
@@ -37,7 +41,13 @@ function load(): RehydrateApiPayload | null {
     if (!raw) return null;
     const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Partial<RehydrateApiPayload>;
     if (!parsed.queries) return null;
-    return { queries: parsed.queries, mutations: {} };
+    // `provided` may be absent in snapshots written before this field existed —
+    // default it so the invalidation slice doesn't crash on `provided.tags`.
+    return {
+      queries: parsed.queries,
+      mutations: {},
+      provided: parsed.provided ?? EMPTY_PROVIDED,
+    };
   } catch {
     return null;
   }
diff --git a/tests/rtkqPersist.test.ts b/tests/rtkqPersist.test.ts
index 1c11933..6f8807a 100644
--- a/tests/rtkqPersist.test.ts
+++ b/tests/rtkqPersist.test.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,23 @@ test('rehydrateApiCache replays a stored cache as a rehydrate action', () => {
   });
 });
 
+test('rehydrate payload always carries `provided` (regression: RTKQ reads provided.tags)', () => {
+  // A snapshot persisted before `provided` existed must not crash RTKQ's
+  // invalidation slice, which does `Object.entries(provided.tags ?? {})`.
+  instanceStorage.set(
+    'rtkq',
+    JSON.stringify({
+      queries: { 'getLibrary(undefined)': { status: 'fulfilled', data: [] } },
+      mutations: {},
+    }),
+  );
+  const dispatched: Array<{ payload: { provided?: unknown } }> = [];
+  rehydrateApiCache((a) =>
+    dispatched.push(a as { payload: { provided?: unknown } }),
+  );
+  expect(dispatched[0].payload.provided).toEqual({ tags: {}, keys: {} });
+});
+
 test('startApiPersistence saves only fulfilled queries after throttle', () => {
   rstest.useFakeTimers();
   let state = apiStateWith({});